The cybercrime ecosystem has reached a stage of industrialisation, marked by the specialization of tasks, the emergence of Initial Access Brokers, and the proliferation of Cybercrime-as-a-Service (CaaS) models like RaaS. Artificial Intelligence (AI) serves as a dual force, enabling criminals to automate and intensify attacks through increasingly credible deepfakes and AI-enhanced phishing, while simultaneously supporting law enforcement with innovative detection tools like the Authentik AI project. Countermeasures include major legal frameworks like the NIS2 Directive and the AI Act, alongside coordinated international operations, such as Operation Cronos and Operation Endgame, which have neutralized significant ransomware groups and seized over €70 million in cryptoasset wallets.
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